- Voiceover
The voiceover will usually be authoritative in some way, encouraging the audience to think that they either have some kind of specialist knowledge or the 'right' opinions that the audience should pay attention to.
- 'Real' footage of events
Documentaries often go to great lengths to convince us that the footage is real and unaltered in anyway, although editing and voiceover can affect the 'reality' we, as viewers, see.
- Archive footage/stills
To aid authenticity and to add further information which the film maker may be unable to obtain themselves.
- Interviews with 'experts'
Used to authenticate the views expressed in the documentary. Sometimes, they will disagree with the message of the documentary, although the film maker will usually disprove them in some way.
- Use of text/titles
- Sound
- Visual coding
- Technicality of realism
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